History and thoughts on Veda
The composition of Veda may go to the period between 600 BC to 25000 BC. There is no consensus. Hence the dates shown here may not be correct. Understanding the concept is more important. The concept of entry of Aryans in 1500 BC and Aryans bringing Vedas has lost its authenticity due to findings that are as old as 30000 BC in various places (Dwaraka, Combodia, Vietnam, Indonesia etc) in respect of Sanatana Dharma. Unfortunately westerners are not ready to accept the Hindu Mythology due to Indians not providing sufficient proof with regard to the dates of scriptures.
Writings from Wikipedia
The Vedas (/ˈveɪdəz, ˈviː-/;[4] Sanskrit: वेदः vedaḥ, "knowledge") are a large body of religious texts originating in ancient India. Composed in Vedic Sanskrit, the texts constitute the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature and the oldest scriptures of Hinduism.[5][6]
There are four Vedas: the Rigveda, the Yajurveda, the Samaveda and the Atharvaveda.[7][8] Each Veda has four subdivisions – the Samhitas (mantras and benedictions), the Aranyakas (text on rituals, ceremonies, sacrifices and symbolic-sacrifices), the Brahmanas (commentaries on rituals, ceremonies and sacrifices), and the Upanishads (texts discussing meditation, philosophy and spiritual knowledge).[7][9][10] Some scholars add a fifth category – the Upasanas (worship).[11][12] The texts of the Upanishads discuss ideas akin to the heterodox sramana-traditions.[13]
Vedas are śruti ("what is heard"),[14] distinguishing them from other religious texts, which are called smṛti ("what is remembered"). Hindus consider the Vedas to be apauruṣeya, which means "not of a man, superhuman"[15] and "impersonal, authorless,"[16][17][18] revelations of sacred sounds and texts heard by ancient sages after intense meditation.[19][20]
The Vedas have been orally transmitted since the 2nd millennium BCE with the help of elaborate mnemonic techniques.[21][22][23] The mantras, the oldest part of the Vedas, are recited in the modern age for their phonology rather than the semantics, and are considered to be "primordial rhythms of creation", preceding the forms to which they refer.[24] By reciting them the cosmos is regenerated, "by enlivening and nourishing the forms of creation at their base."[24]
The various Indian philosophies and Hindu denominations have taken differing positions on the Vedas; schools of Indian philosophy which acknowledge the primal authority of the Vedas are classified as "orthodox" (āstika).[note 2] Other śramaṇa traditions, such as Lokayata, Carvaka, Ajivika, Buddhism and Jainism, which did not regard the Vedas as authorities, are referred to as "heterodox" or "non-orthodox" (nāstika) schools.[13][25]
(dates given below may not be relevant/correct)
Early literature of India 1500 BC - 600 BC
Vedas are mainly four, Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda and Atharva/na/veda. ऋग्वेद यजुर्वेद अथर्ववेद सामवेद
The brahmana maintain that their religion is eternal (sanathana- सनातन). This is based on scriptures which are called Vedas वेद comprising Samhitas संहिता (hymns) and brahmanas ब्राह्मणा (rituals, etc)
PERIOD
Samhitas of Rigveda ऋग्वेद संहिता 1500 BC
Brahmanas such as aitareya(ऐतरेय), kausitaki (कौशितकी) 900 BC - 600 BC
Aranyakas (forest treaties आरण्यक) are theosophic character form the closing section of brahmanas 600 BC
Upanishads (उपनिषद्) which deal mainly with metaphysical questions are included in the Aranyakas 600 BC
VEDAS
Vedas वेदा (composed between 1500 BC and 600 BC) may be divided into three sections (kandas- कांड) viz,
- Upasana (prayer) उपासन
- Karma (rituals) कर्मा
- Jnana (knowledge) ज्ञान
- उपासन- Under Upasana come under samhita (संहिता) which embody expressions of wonder and awe at the powers of nature such as light , darkness, wind, water, rain etc.
- कर्मा- The Brahmanas which treat mainly of the sacrificial rites come under the head Karma कर्मा
- ज्ञान- The jnana kanda as represented by aranyakas is concerned mainly the nature of soul and destiny.
UPANISHAD
Upanishads are texts discussing meditation, philosophy and spiritual knowledge.
Writings from Wikipedia
The Upanishads (/uːˈpænɪˌʃædz, uːˈpɑːnɪˌʃɑːdz/;[1] Sanskrit: उपनिषद् Upaniṣad [ˈʊpɐnɪʂɐd]) are late Vedic Sanskrit texts of religious teaching and ideas still revered in Hinduism.[2][3][note 1][note 2] They are the most recent part of the oldest scriptures of Hinduism, the Vedas, that deal with meditation, philosophy, and ontological knowledge; other parts of the Vedas deal with mantras, benedictions, rituals, ceremonies, and sacrifices.[6][7][8] Among the most important literature in the history of Indian religions and culture, the Upanishads played an important role in the development of spiritual ideas in ancient India, marking a transition from Vedic ritualism to new ideas and institutions.[9] Of all Vedic literature, the Upanishads alone are widely known, and their central ideas are at the spiritual core of Hinduism.[2][10]
The Upanishads are commonly referred to as Vedānta. Vedanta has been interpreted as the "last chapters, parts of the Veda" and alternatively as "object, the highest purpose of the Veda".[11] The concepts of Brahman (ultimate reality) and Ātman (soul, self) are central ideas in all of the Upanishads,[12][13] and "know that you are the Ātman" is their thematic focus.[13][14] Along with the Bhagavad Gita and the Brahmasutra, the mukhya Upanishads (known collectively as the Prasthanatrayi)[15] provide a foundation for the several later schools of Vedanta, among them, two influential monistic schools of Hinduism.[note 3][note 4][note 5]
Around 108 Upanishads are known.
SOUL
Development of the conception of soul 900 BC - 600 BC
The conception of the soul and its destiny, like everything else, has undergone stages of development in the course of ages.
Samhitas of Rigveda and Atharva (अथर्व) Veda tell when a person dies, his spirit ( प्राण pran, breath, asu, breating, or manah, intelligence, characterised as ajo bhago, the unborn part), it obtains a detectable abode and enters upon a perfect life which will never cease.
The shtatapatha Brahmana and other later Vedic works which mention the soul as atman (आत्मन) lay much stress on its good work called Dharma (धर्म) which is described as strength of strength (kshatrasya kshatram - क्षात्रस्य क्षात्रम). According to them all persons are after death reborn into another world where they enjoy pleasures or suffer pains according to their good or evil deeds.
ವೇದಗಳ ಕಾಲ
ವೇದಗಳ ಕಾಲ ಆಧುನಿಕ ಚಿಂತಕರಲ್ಲಿ ಕ್ರಿ.ಪೂ. 18ರಿಂದ 25ಸಾವಿರ ವರ್ಷಗಳ ಹಿಂದಕ್ಕೆ ಹೋಗುತ್ತದೆಯಾದರೂ ಯಾರೂ ಈವರೆಗೆ ವೇದಗಳ ಕಾಲವನ್ನು ನಿರ್ಧರಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತಿಲ್ಲ.
ವೇದಗಳ ರಚನೆ ನಿರ್ಧರಿಸುವುದು ಈ ಭೂಮಿಯ ಮೇಲಿನ ಯಾರಿಗೂ ಸಾಧ್ಯವಾಗದು ಎಂದು ಹೇಳಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಊಹಾಪ್ರಧಾನವಾದ ಈ ಸಂಗತಿಗೆ ಮಹತ್ವವೇಕೆಂದರೆ, ಕಾಲ ಕಾಲಕ್ಕೆ ಅಧ್ಯಯನಗಳು ನಡೆದಾಗಲೆಲ್ಲ, ಒಂದಲ್ಲ ಒಂದು ಕಾಲಘಟ್ಟವನ್ನು ಸೂಚಿಸುವ ಕಾರ್ಯ ನಿರಂತರವಾಗಿ ನಡೆದುಬಂದಿದೆ.
ಮ್ಯಾಕ್ಸ್ ಮುಲ್ಲರ್ ಹೇಳುವಂತೆ ವೇದಗಳ ರಚನೆ ಕ್ರಿ.ಪೂ. 1000ದಿಂದ 3000ವರ್ಷ. ಇದನ್ನು ಪಾಶ್ಚ್ಯಾತ್ಯರು ಸರಿಯೆಂದು ಪ್ರತಿ ಪಾದಿಸತ್ತಾರೆ. ಮಾಕ್ಸ್ ಮುಲ್ಲರನ ಕಾಲಕ್ಕೆ ಇದ್ದ ಭಾರತೀಯರಿಗೆ, ವೈಜ್ಞಾನಿಕವಾಗಿ ಪ್ರತಿಪಾದಿಸುವ ತಿಳುವಳಿಕೆ, ವೇದಿಕೆಗಳು ಕಡಿಮೆ ಇದ್ದುದೂ ಒಂದು ಕಾರಣವಾಗಿರಬಹುದು. ಭಾರತೀಯರಿಗೆ ಇದ್ದ ಜ್ಞಾನವನ್ನು ಆಧುನಿಕ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನವು ಒಪ್ಪಿಕೊಳ್ಳದಿರುವುದು ಮತ್ತೊಂದು ಕಾರಣ.
ಆಧುನಿಕ ನೆಲೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ನೋಡುವಾಗ ಕಂಡುಬರುವ ವೈದಿಕ ಕಾಲದ ಬಗೆಗಿನ ಊಹೆಗಳು, ಈ ಕೆಳಗಿನಂತಿವೆ.
1. ಮ್ಯಾಕ್ಡೊನೆಲ್ ಮತ್ತು ಮ್ಯಾಕ್ಸ್ ಮುಲ್ಲರ್ ಪ್ರಕಾರ – 1200 BC
2. ಹ್ಯೂಗೋ ವಿಂಕ್ಲರ್ ನ ಪ್ರತಿಪಾದನೆಯಂತೆ – 1400 BC
3. ಎಡ್. ಮೇಯರ್ ನ ವಾದದಂತೆ – 1500 BC ಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಹಿಂದಿನದು
4. ಅವೆಸ್ತಾದ ಹೋಲಿಕೆಯ ಅನ್ವಯ ಅದು 1500 BC ರ ನಂತರದ್ದು ಎಂದಿದೆ
5. ವಿಂಟರ್ ನೀಟ್ಸ್ ರ ಪ್ರಕಾರ – 2000 BC
6. ಜರ್ಮನಿಯ ಯಾಕೋಬಿ ಮತ್ತು ಬಾಲಗಂಗಾಧರ ತಿಲಕರ ಲೆಕ್ಕಾಚಾರದಲ್ಲಿ – 4500 BC ಕ್ಕೂ ಹಿಂದಿನದು ಎಂದು ಹೇಳಲಾಗಿದೆ.
ಇಷ್ಟೆಲ್ಲ ವಾದ-ವಿವಾದಗಳ ನಂತರವೂ ವೈದಿಕ ಕಾಲನಿರ್ಣಯ ಅಸ್ಪಷ್ಟವಾಗಿ ಉಳಿಯುವುದೇ ಅದರ ವಿಶೇಷ ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರಾಚೀನತೆಯ ರಹಸ್ಯ ಎಂದಷ್ಟೇ ಹೇಳಬಹುದು.
ಒಂದು ಉದಾಹರಣೆ
ವಿವಾಹಕಾಲದಲ್ಲಿ ಅರುಂಧತೀ ನಕ್ಷತ್ರವನ್ನು ತೋರುವ ಒಂದು ಸಂಪ್ರದಾಯವು ದಕ್ಷಿಣಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಚಲಿತವಿದೆ. ಅದು ಅರುಂಧತಿಯ ಪಾತಿವ್ರತ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ಸಲ್ಲುವ ಗೌರವವಾಗಿ, ಪುರಾಣಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಿತವಾಗಿರುವ ಸಂಗತಿಯಿಂದ ರೂಢಿಗೆ ಬಂದಿತು. ನಿಜವೆಂದರೆ, ಉತ್ತರದಿಕ್ಕಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಾತಃಕಾಲ ಬೆಳಗುವ ಧೃವನಕ್ಷತ್ರವನ್ನು ವರನು ವಧುವಿಗೆ ದರ್ಶನಮಾಡಿಸಬೇಕೆಂಬ ಉಲ್ಲೇಖವಿದೆ. ಖಗೋಳಶಾಸ್ತ್ರವನ್ನು ಅನುಸರಿಸಿ 2780 BC ರ ಸುಮಾರಿಗೆ ಅಂಥದೊಂದು ಪ್ರಖರ ನಕ್ಷತ್ರವೊಂದು ಇತ್ತೆಂದು ಯಾಕೋಬಿಯವರ ಮತ. ಅದೇ ರೀತಿ ಮೇಲೆ ಹೇಳಿದ ವಿಷುಸಂಪಾತದ ಕಾಲವನ್ನು ಪರಿಗಣಿಸಿದರೂ ಕ್ರಿ.ಪೂ. 2500-4500ರವರೆಗಿನ ಕಾಲವನ್ನು ವೇದಕಾಲ ಎಂಬ ಅಭಿಪ್ರಾಯವಿದೆ. ಇದಕ್ಕಾದರೂ ಸರ್ವಮಾನ್ಯತೆಯಿದೆಯೋ ಎಂದರೆ, ಅದೂ ಸಾಧಿತವಾಗಿಲ್ಲ.
end- piece of history written sometime ಇನ್ 2018
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